Ibicuruzwa bya aerosol ni ngombwa mu nganda zinyuranye, uhereye ku basukura urugo kugeza ku bicuruzwa byita ku muntu nka deodorant na fresheners. Imikorere yibi bicuruzwa iterwa cyane no gukoresha moteri - imyuka ifasha kwirukana ibicuruzwa muri kanseri. Gusobanukirwa ubwoko bwa moteri, amateka yabyo, ingaruka zidukikije, hamwe nubutaka bugenzurwa ningirakamaro kubakoresha ndetse nababikora. Aka gatabo kazasesengura ibintu byose ukeneye kumenya kubyerekeranye na moteri ya aerosol, ubwihindurize, hamwe nigihe kizaza.
1.Ni ubuhe butumwa bwa Aerosol?
Ibisobanuro n'imikorere ya moteri ya Aerosol
Imashini ya aerosol ni imyuka ikoreshwa mu kwirukana ibintu byamazi ya aerosol. Nibyingenzi mukurema igitutu gikenewe kugirango basunike ibicuruzwa binyuze muri nozzle iyo ikora. Hatabayeho moteri, aerosol ntishobora gukora neza, kandi ibicuruzwa ntibishobora guterwa cyangwa gutangwa.
Abashoramari bakora mukurema igitutu gitandukanye imbere muri kanseri. Icyuma cyuzuza umwanya uri hejuru yibicuruzwa, bigatera umuvuduko uhatira ibicuruzwa biva hanze iyo nozzle ikanda. Imashini ihumeka mu kirere igihe amazi yirukanwe, hasigara ibicuruzwa bikora inyuma. Muri ubu buryo, moteri yemeza ko ibicuruzwa bya aerosol bigumaho mumazi imbere mumasafuriya ariko bigatangwa nka gaze cyangwa igihu.
Akamaro ka Propellants mubicuruzwa bya Aerosol
Imashini ni ikintu gikomeye mu kumenya imikorere n'imikorere y'ibicuruzwa bya aerosol. Ihindura uburyo ibicuruzwa byatanzwe (urugero, gutera spray, igitutu, no guhoraho), bigira ingaruka kuburyo butaziguye kubakoresha. Kurugero, moteri idakora neza irashobora kugutera gutera imiti idahuye, gukwirakwizwa nabi, cyangwa ibicuruzwa bidakwiye.
Usibye imikorere, ubwoko bwa moteri ikoreshwa burashobora no kugira ingaruka kubidukikije kubicuruzwa. Mu myaka yashize, habaye impinduka zikomeye mu gukoresha ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi birambye kugira ngo hagabanuke ingaruka z’ibidukikije, kikaba ari ikibazo nyamukuru mu nganda za aerosol.
2.Amateka ya moteri ya Aerosol
Gukoresha hakiri kare CFCs muri Aerosole
Mubihe byambere byibicuruzwa bya aerosol, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) niyo moteri yambere yakoreshejwe. CFCs ni ibice bikozwe muri karubone, chlorine, na fluor. Batoneshejwe kubera ubushobozi bwabo bwo kubyara imyuka ihamye, idakora, kandi idacana umuriro ishobora gukoreshwa mukibazo. CFCs yabaye ihitamo ryamamare ryibicuruzwa byinshi bya aerosol, kuva kumisatsi kugeza kumasuku murugo, kubera imikorere myiza yabo.
Ariko rero, mu myaka ya za 1970 na 1980, abahanga bavumbuye ko CFC yangiza urwego rwa ozone. Igice cya ozone, giherereye mu kirere cy’isi, kirinda ubuzima ku isi imishwarara yangiza ultraviolet (UV). CFCs yasohotse mu kirere yamenaguye molekile ya ozone, bigatuma ozone igabanuka ndetse n’ibyago bya kanseri y'uruhu ndetse n'ibindi bibazo by'ubuzima ku bantu.
Icyiciro cya CFCs no Kumenyekanisha Ibindi Byizewe
Mu rwego rwo guhangana n’ibidukikije byatewe na CFCs, hashyizweho amabwiriza mpuzamahanga nka Protokole ya Montreal. Amasezerano y'i Montreal yashyizweho umukono mu 1987, yasabye ko imiti ya ozone igabanuka, harimo na CFC. Kuva icyo gihe, abakora aerosol bahindukiriye moteri zindi zitangiza ibidukikije.
Ubundi buryo burimo hydrocarbone nka butane na propane, imyuka isunitswe nka azote na dioxyde de carbone, na fluorocarbone nka HFC-134a, bikaba bifite umutekano kurwego rwa ozone. Kubera iyo mpamvu, inganda za aerosol zateye intambwe igaragara mu kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije zigenda zikomeza kandi zikomeza gukora neza.
3.Ubwoko bwa moteri ikoreshwa muri Aerosole
Amashanyarazi
Hydrocarbone nka propane, butane, na isobutane nizo zikoreshwa cyane mu bicuruzwa bya aerosol muri iki gihe. Iyi myuka irashya, kandi ifite akamaro kanini mugukora igitutu gisabwa kugirango wirukane ibicuruzwa. Hydrocarbone nayo irahendutse kandi itanga spray ikomeye, ihamye. Ariko, kubera ko zaka, harakenewe ingamba zidasanzwe mugihe cyo gukora, gutunganya, no gukoresha kugirango umutekano ubeho.
Nubwo ishobora gutwikwa, hydrocarbone ikundwa mubikorwa byinshi kuko ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gushyuha kwisi (GWP) ugereranije na moteri ya fluorocarubone ishaje. Ibi bituma bahitamo uburyo burambye uhereye kubidukikije.
Imyuka ihumanye
Imyuka ihumanye, nka azote, dioxyde de carbone (CO2), na aside nitide (N2O), ni ubundi bwoko bwa moteri ikunda gukoreshwa mu bicuruzwa bya aerosol. Iyi myuka ntabwo yaka kandi ifite umutekano ugereranije no gukoresha mubicuruzwa bishobora guhura nubushyuhe bwinshi. Imyuka ihumanye ikora mukwimura ibicuruzwa imbere mumashanyarazi hamwe nigitutu, ikemeza ko irekuwe muburyo bugenzurwa mugihe nozzle ikanda.
Nubwo imyuka ihumanye ifite umutekano, ikunda kugira umuvuduko mwinshi kuruta hydrocarbone, ishobora kugira ingaruka kumikorere rusange ya aerosol, cyane cyane mubicuruzwa bisaba umuvuduko muke cyangwa ibicu byiza, nkubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwo kwisiga no guhumeka kwa muganga.
Fluorocarbone (HFCs)
Fluorocarbone, nka HFC-134a na HFC-152a, ni ibihimbano byifashishwa muri aerosole nk'uburyo bwa CFCs. Ibi bikoresho bifite umutekano kurwego rwa ozone kandi bigira ingaruka nke kubidukikije kurusha CFCs. Nyamara, fluorocarbone iracyafite impungenge z’ibidukikije bitewe n’ubushyuhe bw’isi ku isi (GWP), ikaba isumba iya hydrocarbone na gaze zafunzwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakora aerosol benshi barashaka ubundi buryo bwangiza ibidukikije kugirango barusheho kugabanya ikirere cyabo.
Oxide ya Nitrous (N2O)
Okiside ya Nitrous (ikunze kwitwa gaze iseka) ikoreshwa nka moteri ikoreshwa muburyo bwihariye bwa aerosol, nk'ibikoresho byoherejwe na cream hamwe nibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byubuvuzi. Okiside ya Nitrous ntishobora gutwikwa kandi irashobora gutanga umuvuduko uhoraho, ariko ifite GWP yo hejuru ugereranije nizindi moteri nka hydrocarbone na gaze zifunitse. Ariko, iracyari ihitamo ryamamare mubicuruzwa byatoranijwe bitewe nimiterere yihariye n'imikorere mubikorwa byihariye.
4.Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije bya Aerosol
Kugabanuka kwa Ozone hamwe na Gaz ya Greenhouse
Mu mateka, moteri ya aerosol, cyane cyane CFCs na HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons), zagize uruhare mu kugabanuka k'urwego rwa ozone. Igice cya ozone ni ingenzi mu kurinda ubuzima ku isi imishwarara yangiza ultraviolet. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kuva muri CFCs na HCFC mu bicuruzwa bya aerosol byabaye ingenzi mu kurengera ibidukikije.
Mugihe moteri zigezweho nka hydrocarbone, gaze zifunitse, hamwe na fluorocarbone zimwe na zimwe zifite ingaruka nke kubidukikije, haracyari impungenge zijyanye n'ubushyuhe bwisi. Imashini zimwe na zimwe, cyane cyane fluorocarbone, zifite ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ku isi (GWP), bivuze ko zishobora kugira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere iyo zirekuwe mu kirere.
Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije hamwe nuburyo burambye
Mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by’ibidukikije bigenda byiyongera, ababikora baragenda bahitamo uburyo burambye bwo kugenda. Kurugero, imyuka isanzwe nka karuboni ya dioxyde na azote ntabwo ari uburozi, ntabwo yaka, kandi ifite ubushyuhe buke ku isi. Izi moteri zifite agaciro cyane mubikorwa nkibicuruzwa byibiribwa nibikoresho byubuvuzi, aho umutekano no kuramba ari ngombwa.
Byongeye kandi, hari kwiyongera mubushakashatsi kuri bio-moteri, bishobora gukomoka kumasoko ashobora kuvugururwa nkamavuta yibimera. Ubundi buryo bushingiye kuri bio butanga ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ikirere cyibidukikije bya aerosol kurushaho.
5.Amabwiriza nubuziranenge kuri moteri ya Aerosol
Amasezerano ya Montreal n'ingaruka zayo
Amasezerano ya Montreal yatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1989, yari amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ingenzi agamije gukuraho ibintu byangiza ozone. Iyi protocole yatumye CFCs na HCFC zibuzwa mubisabwa byinshi, harimo na aerosole, kandi byashimiwe ko byagabanutse cyane mukugabanuka kwurwego rwa ozone. Ubufatanye bwisi yose bwerekanwe binyuze muri Protokole ya Montreal bukomeje gushiraho imiterere igenga moteri ya aerosol.
Inzego zigenga nubuziranenge bwumutekano wimuka
Inzego zishinzwe kugenzura ibikorwa nk’ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) muri Amerika n’ikigo cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi gishinzwe imiti (ECHA) kigenzura umutekano w’ibicuruzwa bya aerosol hamwe na moteri yabyo. Iyi miryango yashyizeho ibipimo bigabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije ku bicuruzwa bya aerosol, yibanda ku kugabanya VOC (ibinyabuzima bihindagurika), kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, no guteza imbere ubundi buryo bwizewe.
Byongeye kandi, amahame yinganda nka ISO 9001 kuri sisitemu yo gucunga neza na GMP (Imyitozo ngororamubiri myiza) ifasha kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bya aerosol byakozwe hakurikijwe umutekano wo hejuru kandi ubuziranenge. Ababikora bagomba kubahiriza aya mahame kugirango umutekano wibicuruzwa no kubahiriza ibidukikije.
6.Ejo hazaza h'indege ya Aerosol
Udushya muri Eco-Nshuti kandi Irambye
Ejo hazaza h'indege ya aerosol ishingiye ku guhanga udushya, cyane cyane mu buryo burambye. Ababikora baragenda bakora ubushakashatsi kuri moteri ikomoka kumasoko ashobora kuvugururwa, ashobora gutanga ingaruka nke kubidukikije. Byongeye kandi, inganda zirimo kwiyongera kw'ibicuruzwa bya aerosol byuzuzwa, bigabanya umubare rusange wa moteri ikoreshwa kandi ikagira uruhare mu myanda mike.
Kugabanya Ibidukikije Ibidukikije bya Aerosole
Gukomeza kwibanda ku byangiza ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije biteganijwe ko bizatuma habaho ubundi bwoko butandukanye bwa GWP bushobora kuboneka ku isoko. Mugihe ikoranabuhanga rigenda ryiyongera, abakora aerosol barimo gutegura uburyo bushya buringaniza imikorere yibicuruzwa biramba. Mu myaka iri imbere, dushobora kwizera ko hakomeza kugabanuka ingaruka z’ibidukikije ku bicuruzwa bya aerosol, bitewe n’amabwiriza akomeye, ibyifuzo by’abaguzi ku buryo burambye, no guhanga udushya mu nganda.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo)
1.Ni ubuhe butumwa bukunze gukoreshwa mu bicuruzwa bya aerosol?
Imashini zikunda kugaragara cyane ni hydrocarbone (urugero, propane, butane), imyuka ifunitse (urugero, azote, dioxyde de carbone), na fluorocarbone (urugero, HFC-134a).
2. Kuki CFCs yagiye ikurwa mubicuruzwa bya aerosol?
CFCs yangije urwego rwa ozone, ibyo bikaba byaratumye bahagarika amasezerano mpuzamahanga nka Montreal Protocole.
3. Nigute moteri ya aerosol igira ingaruka kubidukikije?
Imashini zimwe na zimwe, cyane cyane fluorocarbone zishaje, zigira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwa ozone no gushyuha kwisi. Ubundi buryo bushya bwangiza ibidukikije bugamije kugabanya izo ngaruka.
4. Ni izihe nzira zizaza kuri moteri ya aerosol?
Kazoza ka moteri ya aerosol ikubiyemo guteza imbere ubundi buryo burambye, buke bwa GWP nka moteri karemano no gushakisha ibicuruzwa bya aerosol byuzura kugirango bigabanye imyanda.
Umwanzuro
Abamamaza ni ikintu cyingenzi cya ibicuruzwa bya aerosol , gutwara imikorere n'imikorere yabyo. Mu gihe impungenge z’ibidukikije zigenda ziyongera, inganda za aerosol ziragenda zigenda zigana ku bidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka mbi ku gipimo cya ozone n’ikirere. Guhindura kure ya CFC yangiza muburyo burambye nka hydrocarbone, imyuka ihumanye, hamwe na moteri ishingiye kuri bio ni intambwe nziza yo kugabanya ikirere cya karuboni.
Ejo hazaza h'indege ya aerosol iri mu guhanga udushya no guteza imbere ubundi buryo, buke-GWP. Mugihe abaguzi nabagenzuzi bakomeje gushimangira imikorere irambye, abakora aerosol bazakenera gukoresha tekinoloji nshya kandi bujuje ubuziranenge bwibidukikije. Mugusobanukirwa ubwoko butandukanye bwa moteri, ingaruka zidukikije, hamwe nibigenda bigaragara muburyo burambye, abaguzi ndetse nababikora barashobora gufata ibyemezo bisobanutse neza, amaherezo bigatuma ibicuruzwa bya aerosol bitekanye kandi byangiza ibidukikije.
