Amateka ya kanseri ya Aerosol

Inkuru ya aerosole yatangiye mu 1927. Erik Rotheim yakoze spray ya mbere ya aerosol hanyuma abona patenti. Iki gitekerezo gishya cyakoresheje sisitemu ikanda hamwe na valve. Yahinduye uburyo abantu bakoresha no gutera ibicuruzwa. Mu myaka myinshi, amabati ya aerosol yabaye mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Abantu barabikoresha mugusukura no kubitaho. Amabati ya aerosol nayo yari ingenzi mu nganda no mu ntambara. Uyu munsi, ibitekerezo bishya byibanda ku gufasha ibidukikije. Kurugero, GDB International itunganya amamiriyoni yamabati ya aerosol buri mwaka. Babika ibyuma, irangi, na gaze muri ibyo bikoresho. Amateka yubuhanga bwa aerosol yerekana uburyo azana ubworoherane no kwita kubisi.

Ibyingenzi

Erik Rotheim yakoze spray ya mbere ya aerosol mumwaka wa 1927. Iki gihangano cyahaye abantu uburyo bwiza kandi bworoshye bwo gutera amazi. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, amabati ya aerosol yafashaga abasirikare batera udukoko. Nyuma, abantu batangiye kubikoresha murugo. Imyanda mishya hamwe na gaze itekanye yatumye amabati ya aerosol akora neza. Babaye kandi kwiringirwa no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Abahanga basanze imyuka ya CFC ibabaza ozone. Ibi byateje kubuzwa n'amategeko mashya. Isosiyete yahise ishakisha moteri itekanye. Uyu munsi, amabati ya aerosol akoresha ibikoresho byiza kwisi. Zikoreshwa mu buvuzi, gusukura, no kurya. Abantu ubu bibanda ku gutunganya no gucunga umutekano.

Amahame ya Aerosol Yambere

Ibinyobwa bya karubone

Inzira igana amabati ya aerosol igezweho yatangiye kera. Abantu bari bafite ibitekerezo kubijyanye na kontineri zashyizweho igitutu mu mpera za 1700. Bashakaga gutera cyangwa gusuka ibintu byoroshye. Ibinyobwa bya karubone byari ingenzi cyane muriki gikorwa. Inganda zikenewe kugirango ibinyobwa bibe byinshi kandi bitekanye mumacupa. Imashini zagenzuraga umuvuduko kugirango karuboni ya dioxyde ntishobora guhunga.

• Carbone yari ikeneye igitutu gikomeye cyo kuvanga gaze n'ibinyobwa.

• Umutwe wuzuye wuzuye wahagaritse ibinyobwa kubira ifuro.

• Sitasiyo zifunga neza ko amacupa atatemba.

• Indangagaciro z'umutekano hamwe na disiketi zimeneka byatumaga abakozi n'ibicuruzwa bigira umutekano.

Sisitemu yerekanaga impamvu kugenzura igitutu byari bifite akamaro kuri kontineri. Imiyoboro idafite ibyuma hamwe nubushyuhe bugumana ibinyobwa bishya kandi bifite umutekano. Izi mpinduka muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya karubone yigishije injeniyeri kubyerekeye igitutu. Ibi byafashaga kuganisha ku bikoresho bya mbere bya aerosol.

Isoko ryimbere

Mu ntangiriro ya 1800, abahimbyi bakoze ibintu nka Regency Portable Fountain. Iki gikoresho kireka abantu batera amazi bakoresheje igitutu. Yakoraga mu kuvoma umwuka muri kontineri. Umwuka wasunitse amazi iyo urekuwe. Isoko rya Portency Portable ryamamaye mubirori byo gutanga ibinyobwa. Yahaye kandi abantu ibitekerezo bishya byo gutera ibindi bintu.

Mu myaka ya za 1920, abahimbyi bavanze ibyo bitekerezo nibikoresho bishya hamwe na moteri. Mu 1927, injeniyeri wo muri Noruveje yabonye ipatanti ya sisitemu ya kanseri. Sisitemu yakoresheje igitutu cyo gutera amazi. Yabaye igishushanyo nyamukuru cyibikoresho bya aerosol bigezweho. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, abajenjeri bakoze amabati yo gutera udukoko. Abasirikare bakoresheje amamiriyoni yibi bikoresho. Mu mpera za 1940, ibicuruzwa bya aerosol byari mu maduka no mu ngo muri Amerika.

Ibitekerezo byambere nkimashini zibinyobwa za karubone hamwe na Regency Portable Fountain byafashaga abahimbyi gukemura ibibazo hamwe nigitutu, umutekano, no kugenzura. Ibi bitekerezo byatumye bambere bambere ya aerosol.

Ivumburwa rya Aerosol Spray irashobora

Patent ya Erik Rotheim

Erik Rotheim yari umunyeshuri wa chimie. Yashakaga gukemura ibibazo byubuzima. Yize i Karlsruhe kandi akunda gukora ibintu bishya. Mu 1927, yabonye ipatanti ya kanseri ya mbere ya aerosol. Ibyo yahimbye yakoresheje icyuma, valve, na gaze idasanzwe. Ibi bituma abantu batera amazi neza kandi neza. Igishushanyo cya Rotheim nicyo cyambere cya aerosol. Yabaye icyitegererezo cyamabati yuyu munsi.

Ivumburwa rya Rotheim ryabanje kugira ibibazo. Amabati ya mbere yashoboraga gufata umuriro kandi bigatwara byinshi byo gukora. Nyamara, igitekerezo cye cyari gifite ibintu byingenzi byahinduye byose:

• Igikoresho cyotswa igitutu cyarinze ibintu umutekano

• Sisitemu ya Valve reka abantu batera kugenzura

• Imashini ya gaze ikwirakwiza amazi neza

Ibi bintu byafashaga abantu gukoresha urugero rukwiye, guta make, no gutwara amabati byoroshye. Abandi bahimbye nyuma bakoze ikoranabuhanga neza. Patent ya Rotheim yatangije inganda za aerosol kwisi yose.

Igikorwa cya Rotheim cyerekanye ko igihangano kimwe gishobora guhindura ibintu byinshi. Yafashaga abantu kubona uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha no kubika amazi.

WWII na Bug Bomb

Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, abasirikare bari bakeneye inzira nziza zo kurwanya udukoko. Umubu ukwirakwiza indwara ahantu hashyushye. Lyle Goodhue na William Sullivan bakoraga muri USDA. Bashakaga gufasha abasirikare kugira ubuzima bwiza. Mu 1941, bakoze imiti yica udukoko twa mbere. Igikoresho cabo ciswe 'bug bomb. ' Yakoresheje tekinoroji ya aerosol kugirango atere umwicanyi mubi. Ibi byavumbuwe byatumye abasirikari barinda malariya n'izindi ndwara.

Igisasu cya Goodhue na Sullivan cyakoresheje urushyi rwatewe na virusi yica udukoko hamwe na Freon 12. Barayipimishije ku gitutu berekana ko ikora. USDA yavuze ko igishushanyo cyabo ari cyiza. Westinghouse Electric yafashije gukora amabati yambere. Igisirikare cyakoze ibisasu birenga miliyoni 40 mugihe cyintambara. Ibyo bombo byabaye ingirakamaro cyane ku ngabo z’Amerika.

Ikiringo	Gukoresha Igisirikare	Gukoresha Abasivili n'ingaruka	Umubare w'umusaruro
Mu mpera za 1940 (WWII)	Udukoko twica udukoko twa Aerosol ( 'ibisasu bya bug ') bikoreshwa n’ingabo z’Amerika mu kurinda abasirikare indwara ziterwa n’udukoko	N / A.	Miliyoni 50 zakozwe mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose
1947	N / A.	Amasoko ya gisivili yatangiye gukoresha ibicuruzwa bya aerosol nkudukoko	Miliyoni 4.3 zo gukoresha abasivili
Mu ntangiriro ya 1950	N / A.	Imiti yica udukoko hamwe nudusatsi twerekanwe muburayi	Miliyoni 70 mu Burayi (1950-1960)
1960-1970	N / A.	Ibicuruzwa byinshi bya aerosol, bishya birashobora ibikoresho	Umusaruro wiyongereye (imibare nyayo ntabwo isobanutse)
1970-1980	N / A.	Gukomeza kwiyongera, impungenge z’ibidukikije	Miliyari 2,2, kwiyongera 80% mumyaka 10

Igisasu cyahinduye ubuzima kubasirikare nabantu basanzwe. Nyuma yintambara, amasosiyete yakoresheje amabati ya aerosol mubintu byinshi. Abantu baguze udukoko twica udukoko, imisatsi, hamwe nisuku kumazu yabo. Tekinoroji yatangiriye kubasirikare yahise ifasha abantu bose.

Bomb bomb yerekanaga uburyo igihangano kimwe gishobora kurokora ubuzima no gukora ibicuruzwa bishya kuri bose.

Iterambere mu bikoresho bya Aerosol

Agaciro na moteri

Nyuma yipaki yambere ya aerosol, abahimbyi bashakaga kuyikora neza. Mu 1949, Robert H. Abplanalp yakoze valve nshya. Iyi valve yari ihendutse kandi yoroshye kuyikora. Isosiyete irashobora noneho gukora amamiriyoni yamabati kubintu byinshi.

Indangagaciro zigezweho zikora ibirenze gufungura no gufunga. Bagenzura uko bisohoka nuburyo bwa spray. Imyanya imwe ikora igihu cyoroshye kuri parufe. Abandi bakora spray ikomeye kubasukura. Inganda zikoresha lazeri na robo kugirango zubake iyi mibande. Ibi bifasha gukora buriwese ashobora kugira umutekano kandi wiringirwa.

Imyanya myinshi ubu ikoresha plastiki ikomeye. Iyi plastiki imara igihe kirekire kandi ntishobora kubora. Imyanya imwe irashobora guhindura spray cyangwa itemba. Ibi bifasha abantu gukoresha ibyo bakeneye gusa.

Imashini nshya nayo yahinduye inganda. Amabati ya mbere yakoreshaga imyuka ishobora gufata umuriro. Muri iki gihe, amabati menshi akoresha umwuka cyangwa azote. Iyi myuka ifite umutekano kandi ntabwo yaka. Amabati amwe afite sisitemu-isakoshi. Ibicuruzwa biri mumufuka, na gaze hanze. Ibi bituma ibicuruzwa bisukurwa kandi bigatuma abantu bakoresha hafi ya byose.

Hano hari imbonerahamwe yerekana uburyo indangagaciro nshya na moteri ikora amabati neza kandi meza:

Iterambere	Ibisobanuro n'ingaruka ku mutekano no gukora neza
Ibicuruzwa byera	Umufuka-kuri-valve (BOV) utuma ibicuruzwa na gaze bitandukana, bityo ibicuruzwa bikomeza kugira isuku kandi bikora neza.
Koresha neza	BOV itanga igihu cyiza ndetse ikanatera, bigatuma ibicuruzwa bikora neza.
Gukoresha ibicuruzwa	BOV ireka abantu bakoresha ibicuruzwa hafi ya byose, bityo bike bigapfusha ubusa.
Umutekano wimuka	Umwuka na azote ntibitwika, bityo bigabanya ibyago byumuriro n’umwanda.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije	Umwuka wa gaz ufasha kugabanya imyuka ya parike no gukurikiza amategeko mashya.
Igiciro n'Ubuziranenge	BOV igura byinshi ubanza, ariko itanga ubuziranenge bwiza nabakiriya bishimye.

Uyu munsi, ibigo bikoresha ubwoko bwinshi bwa valve na moteri. Imyanya imwe itanga spray ihamye. Abandi batanga umubare wagenwe, nibyiza kubuvuzi. Imashini nshya nka hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) ifasha ibidukikije. Inganda zikoresha ibikoresho bisubirwamo kubibindi na valve. Indangagaciro zimwe zubwenge zikoresha sensor kugirango igenzure spray.

• Plastiki ikomeye ituma valve imara igihe kirekire.

• Imyanya myinshi ikoreshwa kureka abantu bagatora spray bashaka.

• Isubiranamo rya aluminium na plastiki bifasha isi.

• Sisitemu yo mu mufuka irashobora gufasha kugabanya imyanda.

• Ibyuma byubwenge bikoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki kugirango bigenzurwe neza.

Izi mpinduka zituma amabati ya aerosol agira umutekano, asukuye, kandi meza kuri iyi si.

Umusaruro rusange

Umuyoboro mushya wa Abplanalp wahinduye uburyo ibigo byakoraga amabati ya aerosol. Inganda zishobora noneho gukora amamiriyoni yamabati buri mwaka. Mu myaka ya za 1950, isosiyete imwe yo muri Amerika yakoze amabati arenga miliyari imwe. Ibindi bihugu byinjije igice cya miliyari. Muri iki gihe igurishwa ry’isosiyete ryarenze miliyoni 100 z'amadolari.

Dore imbonerahamwe yerekana uburyo aerosol ishobora kubyara umusaruro:

Ikiringo	Ingingo y'ingenzi y'ingenzi / Intambwe
1927	Ipatanti yambere ya aerosol spray irashobora
1930	Abashoramari batejwe imbere
Intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose	Amabati arenga miliyoni 30 yoherejwe mu ngabo z’Amerika n’ingabo zirwanira mu kirere
1950	Isosiyete ya Abplanalp yakoze amabati miliyari 1 muri Amerika
1950	Igice cya miliyari yamabati yakozwe mubindi bihugu
1950	Igurisha ryamasosiyete ryarenze miliyoni 100
1970	Aerosol irashobora kubyara umusaruro wiyongereyeho 80%

Inganda zakoresheje imashini nshya kugirango zikore amabati vuba kandi ahendutse. Imashini za mudasobwa na mudasobwa byagenzuwe niba byasohotse n'umutekano. Ibigo byakoresheje ibyuma bisubirwamo byinshi hamwe na plastiki. Imashini zizigama ingufu zafashaga ibidukikije.

• Inganda zakoze amabati menshi buri mwaka.

• Imashini zagenzuye amabati kugirango zimeneke n'umutekano.

• Ibikoresho bisubirwamo byabaye byinshi.

• Intambwe yo kuzigama ingufu igabanya gukoresha ingufu n’umwanda.

Umusaruro mwinshi wakoze amabati ya aerosol mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Abantu babikoresheje mugusukura, ubwiza, imiti, nibiryo. Inganda zakomeje kwiyongera mugihe abantu babonye imikoreshereze mishya.

Uyu munsi, aerosol irashobora inganda zikomeza guhinduka. Ibigo byibanda ku mutekano, ubuziranenge, n'ibidukikije. Bakoresha imashini zubwenge nibikoresho byiza. Izi ntambwe zifasha abantu no kurinda isi.

Amabwiriza n'ibidukikije

CFCs na Ozone

Kera cyane, amabati menshi ya aerosol yakoresheje CFC nka moteri. Mu myaka ya za 70, abahanga babiri bavumbuye ikintu gikomeye. Bamenye ko CFCs ireremba muri stratosfera. Ngaho, urumuri rw'izuba rurabatandukanya. Ibi bituma atome ya chlorine ihunga. Chlorine isenya molekile ya ozone. Igice cya ozone kirinda isi imirase ya UV-B. Niba ozone igabanutse, imirasire ya UV iratugeraho. Ibi birashobora gutera kanseri y'uruhu nibindi bibazo byubuzima. Mu 1985, abahanga bavumbuye umwobo munini wa ozone hejuru ya Antaragitika. Ibi byerekanaga ko ikibazo cyari gikomeye. CFCs irashobora kuguma mu kirere imyaka igera ku 140. Ingaruka zabo rero zimara igihe kirekire.

Iyo abantu bamenye CFC ibabaza ozone, ibintu byahindutse vuba. Ibigo nka SC Johnson byahagaritse gukoresha CFC mu 1975. Bidatinze, leta zashyizeho amategeko mashya yo gufasha.

Amabati ya aerosol nayo arekura VOC. Iyi miti ifasha gukora umwotsi. Umwotsi ni mubi kubihaha kandi bigora guhumeka.

Inganda Igisubizo

Guverinoma zashakaga kurinda urwego rwa ozone. Muri Amerika, CFC nyinshi mu bikoresho bya aerosol zabujijwe mu 1978. EPA, FDA, na CPSC bakoranye ku mategeko mashya n'ibirango. Mu 1987, ibihugu byinshi byashyize umukono ku masezerano ya Montreal. Aya masezerano yavuze ko CFC igomba kuvaho. Yabaye gahunda nziza cyane kubidukikije.

Inganda za aerosol zahindutse vuba. Amasosiyete yakoresheje amafaranga kugirango abone moteri itekanye. Bakoresheje HFC, umwuka, azote, na dioxyde de carbone. Benshi bahinduye sisitemu ya bag-on-valve. Ibi bigumisha ibicuruzwa hamwe na moteri. Ibirango binini nka Procter & Gamble na Unilever byayoboye inzira. Bakoresheje moteri itangiza ozone. Muri iki gihe, moteri isanzwe irasanzwe. Ariko ibigo biracyashakisha amahitamo meza.

Umwaka	Igikorwa Cyingenzi	Ingaruka
1975	SC Johnson akuraho CFCs	Inganda zitanga urugero
1978	Amerika ibuza CFC muri aerosole	Imyuka ya CFC iragabanuka
1987	Amasezerano ya Montreal yasinywe	Isi yose iratangira

Noneho, amategeko mpuzamahanga nimpamyabumenyi bifasha kurinda amabati ya aerosol umutekano. Aya mategeko arengera abantu nisi kandi byubaka ikizere.

Ibishya bya Aerosol

Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije

Uyu munsi, amasosiyete ya aerosol akora cyane kugirango afashe ibidukikije. Bakoresha formula hamwe na VOC nkeya cyangwa ntayo. Ibi bivuze ko gaze mbi ijya mu kirere. Amarangi ashingiye kumazi asanzwe arasanzwe. Irangi ntabwo rifite imiti myinshi yangiza. Ibiranga byinshi bitoranya moteri nka karuboni ya dioxyde cyangwa azote. Ihitamo rifasha guhagarika umuriro no kurinda abantu umutekano.

Ababikora bongeraho ibintu bisenyuka muburyo busanzwe. Bakoresha amabara meza n'amazi ashingiye ku bimera. Izi ntambwe zigabanya kwanduza imiti. Gupakira nabyo birahinduka. Isosiyete ikoresha amabati akozwe muri aluminium na tin ashobora gutunganywa. Amabati amwe akozwe mubyuma bitunganijwe neza. Gahunda yo gusubiramo isaba abantu gusubiza amabati yakoreshejwe.

Ibirango byinshi bikurikiza amategeko akomeye aturuka mumatsinda nka EPA, EU REACH, na LEED. Bagerageza kandi moteri nshya isenyuka n'inzira zo kuzigama ingufu.

Dore imbonerahamwe yerekana ibintu bimwe na bimwe byangiza ibidukikije mu bikoresho bya aerosol y'uyu munsi:

Ikiranga	Inyungu
Hasi / Zeru VOC	Umwanda muke
Amabara ashingiye kumazi	Imiti mike y'ubumara
Abadashaka gutwikwa	Umutekano kubakoresha
Gupakira neza	Kugabanya imyanda
Ibinyabuzima byongera ibinyabuzima	Ibyiza kubidukikije

Porogaramu nshya

Ikoranabuhanga rya Aerosol ubu rifite imikoreshereze mishya. Inganda zita ku buzima zikoresha amabati ya aerosol kubihumeka nubuvuzi. Mugihe COVID-19, abahanga bakoze inkingo zashizwemo nubundi buryo bwo kuvura. Ibi bifasha abantu bafite asima, COPD, nibibazo byibihaha. Ibikoresho bishya bitanga inkingo zumye. Ibi bifasha abantu kubona amafuti ahantu hatagira frigo.

Abantu bakoresha aerosole kumisatsi, gusukura, ndetse nibiryo. Isoko ryibikomoka kuri aerosol ryiyongera buri mwaka. Ibigo bikora ibicuruzwa bishya kuko abantu bashaka amahitamo yoroshye kandi yicyatsi.

Ikoranabuhanga rya Aerosol ubu rifasha mu kuvura gene, gutanga ibiyobyabwenge, no kuvura bidasanzwe. Ibi bitekerezo bishya byerekana uburyo udushya duhindura ibicuruzwa bya aerosol.

Amateka ya bombo ya aerosol afite impinduka nini nini.

1. Patent ya Erik Rotheim mu 1929 niyo ntambwe yambere.

2. Bomb ibisasu mu ntambara byafashije gukiza abantu benshi.

3. Mu myaka ya za 1950, spray yamenyekanye kuri buri wese.

4. 1960 yazanye amabati yakozwe mugice kimwe na valve nziza.

5. Mu myaka ya za 70, amategeko mashya yashyizeho amabati atekanye kubidukikije.

Agace k'ingaruka	Ingingo z'ingenzi
Sosiyete	Byoroshye-gukoresha-spray yahinduye uburyo abantu bakora ibintu.
Ibidukikije	Gusubiramo ibyatsi nicyatsi kibisi nibyingenzi ubungubu.

Uyu munsi, ibigo bikora kugirango amabati atekane kandi meza kuri iyi si.

Ibibazo

Ikirere gishobora iki?

Aerosol irashobora gukorwa mubyuma. Ifite ibicuruzwa na gaze. Gazi iri munsi yigitutu imbere. Iyo ukanze kuri valve, ibicuruzwa birasohoka. Isohoka nk'igicu cyangwa ifuro. Abantu bakoresha amabati ya aerosol kugirango basige irangi na deodorant. Bakoresha kandi kubasukura nibindi bintu.

Ninde wahimbye spray ya mbere ya aerosol?

Erik Rotheim yari injeniyeri ukomoka muri Noruveje. Yahimbye spray ya mbere ya aerosol mu 1927. Yakoze sisitemu ifite valve na gaze ya gaze. Igitekerezo cye cyabaye igishushanyo mbonera cyibikomoka kuri aerosol.

Kuki abantu bahagaritse gukoresha CFC mumabati ya aerosol?

Abahanga bamenye ko CFCs ikomeretsa ozone. Igice cya ozone kiturinda imishwarara yangiza UV. Nyuma yibi, leta zabujije CFC mu bikoresho bya aerosol. Ibigo byatangiye gukoresha imyuka itekanye aho.

Nigute amasosiyete atunganya amabati ya aerosol?

Isosiyete ikusanya amabati yakoreshejwe mu kirere. Batondagura amabati bakayasukura. Ibikurikira, imashini zijanjagura amabati. Inganda zishonga ibyuma kugirango zikore ibintu bishya. Gusubiramo bizigama umutungo kandi bigabanya imyanda.

Intambwe	Bigenda bite
Icyegeranyo	Abakozi batora amabati
Gutondeka	Imashini zitandukanye
Isuku	Abakozi basukura amabati
Kumenagura	Imashini zirambuye amabati
Gushonga	Inganda zishonga ibyuma

Ni ubuhe buryo bushya bukoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga rya aerosol?

Ikoranabuhanga rya Aerosol ubu rikoreshwa muburyo bwinshi. Impemu zifasha abantu barwaye asima guhumeka neza. Shira foromaje na cream ikozwe mubibindi bya aerosol. Isuku hamwe na disinfectant nayo ikoresha ubu buhanga.